Borno State in Nigeria has experienced severe flooding in 2024, intensifying the region’s already significant environmental and humanitarian challenges. Climate change is a key driver of this increased flood risk, exacerbating the situation with unpredictable and extreme weather events. This analysis will examine the impacts of climate change on flood risks in Borno State, highlight recent events, and explore strategies to mitigate the effects of these disasters.
Flooding in Borno State is closely tied to broader climatic shifts. Nigeria’s northern region, including Borno, is prone to both droughts and floods due to changing precipitation patterns. Over the past few years, the intensification of rainfall during the wet season has led to more frequent and severe floods. Climate models indicate that rising global temperatures increase the likelihood of extreme weather events, such as intense rainfall, which leads to floods. As the atmosphere warms, it holds more moisture, resulting in heavier downpours when storms occur.
Furthermore, Borno’s geographical landscape, characterized by flat terrain and low-lying areas, increases its vulnerability. The lack of a robust drainage system means that when heavy rains occur, water accumulation often leads to devastating flooding. Poor land use practices, deforestation, and unregulated urbanization further weaken the environment’s natural defenses against such disasters.
In 2024, Borno State faced one of its most devastating floods in recent memory. The collapse of the Alau Dam, located near Maiduguri, triggered flash floods that submerged 70% of Maiduguri, the state capital. The flood caused widespread destruction, affecting key infrastructure, including hospitals, schools, and correctional facilities. Over 400,000 people were displaced, and more than one million residents were directly impacted.
The collapse of the dam, which had been under strain from continuous heavy rainfall since late August, became a critical tipping point. The flash floods inundated low-lying areas, causing homes, businesses, and government institutions to be submerged. The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) reported the destruction of 32,000 houses and damage to 16,488 hectares of farmland, a severe blow to the state’s agricultural sector
Moreover, the floodwaters brought about a public health emergency. Damaged septic tanks, waterlogged areas, and contamination raised the risk of disease outbreaks, especially cholera, which thrives in such environments. The World Health Organization(WHO) and UNICEF were deployed to assist with water, sanitation, and hygiene efforts to prevent further health crises.
Borno State has long been a region of humanitarian concern, primarily due to the Boko Haram insurgency. Over 2.6 million people in Borno have been displaced by the conflict, many of whom live in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, which are especially vulnerable to flooding. The 2024 floods overwhelmed several IDP camps, forcing residents to flee yet again, adding to their already fragile living conditions.
The flood also caused a jailbreak, as rising waters damaged the Maiduguri correctional facility, allowing more than 200 inmates to escape. Such events highlight the infrastructural vulnerability of the state, where even critical institutions are unable to withstand environmental disasters.
Efforts to mitigate the flood’s impacts were swiftly mobilized, with Vice President **Kashim Shettima** visiting the affected areas and ordering federal agencies to assist victims. The government, through NEMA and other agencies, opened new IDP camps, provided emergency relief, and coordinated health responses. However, the scale of the disaster points to systemic issues that require long-term solutions.
The 2024 flood disaster in Borno State is a sobering reminder of the increasing threat posed by climate change in vulnerable regions. The combination of erratic rainfall, weak infrastructure, and pre-existing humanitarian crises has made the situation particularly dire. To protect Borno’s residents from future disasters, there is an urgent need for comprehensive strategies that address both immediate needs and long-term resilience.
While government relief efforts are essential in the short term, sustainable climate action and infrastructure development are critical to preventing similar catastrophes in the future. This includes investing in climate-adaptive infrastructure, improving urban planning, and enhancing community resilience to environmental shocks. Without these steps, Borno State will continue to face rising flood risks in an era of increasing climate unpredictability.
Oladosu Adebola Oluwaseun is an environmental journalist and a graduate student of the International Institute of Journalism (IIJ
